CHAPTER
I
BACKGROUND
Semantics is the study of the meaning
of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English
or Navajo, or artificial language, like a computer programming language.
Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguist. In this case we
will not explain so far about semantic, but we would like to explain about the sentence and it component, this is the
one of material in semantic.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. SENTENCE
A group of words that expresses a
statement, question, command, or wish. In the other definition said that
sentence is a word, clause, or phrase or a group of clauses or phrases forming a
syntactic unit which expresses an assertion, a question, a command, a wish, an
exclamation, or the performance of an action, that in writing usually begins
with a capital letter and concludes with appropriate end punctuation, and that
in speaking is distinguished by characteristic patterns of stress, pitch, and
pausesb : a mathematical or logical statement
(as an equation or a proposition) in words or symbols.
B.
THE TYPES OF
SENTENCE
1.
Simple sentence
Simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a
sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought.
Examples of simple sentences include
the following:
a.
Joe waited for the
train.
"Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb
"Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb
b.
The train was late.
"The train" = subject, "was" = verb
"The train" = subject, "was" = verb
2. Compound sentence
compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete
sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are easy to
remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS":
§
Fo, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.
Examples of compound sentences include the
following:
a. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
b. Mary and Samantha arrived
at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus
before I arrived.
c. Mary and Samantha left on
the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at
the bus station.
3.
Complex sentence
complex sentence is made up of an independent clause
and one or more dependent clauses connected
to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete
sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete
sentence.
Examples of dependent clauses include the
following:
§
because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus
station before noon
§
while he waited at the train station
§
after they left on the bus
Dependent clauses such
as those above cannot stand
alone as a sentence, but they can be added to an independent clause to form a
complex sentence.
Dependent clauses begin
with subordinating conjunctions.
Below are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions:
§
after
§
although
§
as
§
because
§
before
§
even though
§
if
§
since
§
though
§
unless
§
until
§
when
§
whenever
§
whereas
§
wherever
§
while
A complex sentence joins
an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.
The dependent clauses
can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause, as in the
following:
1.
Because Mary and
Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at the
station.
2.
While he waited at the
train station, Joe realized that the train was late.
3.
After they left on the
bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station.
Conversely, the
independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the dependent
clause, as in the following:
1.
I did not see them at
the station because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon.
2.
Joe realized that the
train was late while he waited at the train station.
3.
Mary and Samantha
realized that Joe was waiting at the train station after they left on the bus.
Complex sentences are
often more effective than compound sentences because a complex sentence
indicates clearer and more specific relationships between the main parts of the
sentence. The word "before," for instance, tells readers that one
thing occurs before another. A word such as "although" conveys a more
complex relationship than a word such as "and" conveys.
C.
COMPONET OF
SENTENCE
Sentence are
composed of several components. These components include the subject,
predicate, direct and direct object, complements, phrases and clauses.
1. Subject.
Te subject is
a noun or pronoun that tells what or who the sentence is about.
Example: we are the English department.
2. Predicate.
The predicate
includes the verb and other words that tell what the subject is doing or what
the subject is like.
Example: the
lecture teach the students
today.
3. Direct
object.
Direct object
is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a main verb. The subject of
the sentence does something to the object. Direct object usually answers the
question ‘who’ or ‘what’ about the verb.
Example: I
give my sister a phone for her
high value at her school.
4. Indirect
object.
Indirect
object is a noun or pronoun that benefits from the action or a main verb. Te
indirect object refers to a person or thing who receives the direct object.
Indirect object usually answer the question ‘to or for what’ or ‘to or for
whom’.
Example:
jaded gives his girl friend a
flower to expressing his love.
CHAPTER
III
CONCLUSSION
Sentence is a group of words that
expresses a statement, question, command, or wish. In the other definition said
that sentence is a word, clause, or phrase or a group of clauses or phrases forming a
syntactic unit which expresses an assertion, a question, a command, a wish, an
exclamation, or the performance of an action. There are three types of
sentences, Simple sentence, compound sentenceand complex sentence. In sentence,
the are some components, such as subject, predicate, indirect object, and
direct object.
REFFERENCES
- Hein, Irene, Angelika kratzer, Semantic in Generative Grammar, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and University of Massachusetts at Amherst :Blackwell Publishers, 1998
- Adisutrisno, Wagiman. Semantic an Introduction to the Basic Concepts. Yogyakarta: CV. Andi Offset. 2008